小学英语语法分类讲解

【how many】后只用复数名词, 如: 你有多少本故事书?
【误】How many storybook do you have? 【误】How much storybook do you have?
【正】 How many storybooks do you have?
他想要多少块面包?
【误】 How many piece of bread does he want?
【误】 How much piece of bread does he want?
【正】 How many pieces of bread does he want?
**【how much】how much , 在"多少"的问题上，用于修饰不可数名词，
你需要多少肉?
【误】 How many meat do you need? 【正】 How much meat do you need?
请大家评评理，看看我们到底谁对!另外，问"多少钱"，用"How much"。
如：How much was your pen? 你的钢笔多少钱?
How much are those things? 那些东西多少钱?

some和any都有"一些"的含义,都能修饰可数名词和不可数名词,但用法却大有不同。
some 一般用在肯定句中。
如: There are some girls in the classroom. 教室里有一些女孩。
some有时也用于疑问句,表示期望得到肯定回答,并不表示对某事有疑问。
如: Will you give me some ink? 请给我一些墨水好吗?
any一般用于疑问句和否定句中。
如: Are there any maps on the wall? 墙上有地图吗? There aren't any trees behind the house. 房子后面没有树。
请用some和any填空,使句意完整。
1. Are there ______ bananas in the bag?
2. There are ______ goats under the tree.
3. There aren't ______ people on the bus.
4. There are ______ roses on the table.

like既可作动词，又可作介词。在使用它时要好好分辨它的词性。否则，还真容易混淆。下面是我为大家创建的"like文档"，打开它，like用法一目了然。
【文档1】like作动词，意为"喜欢;爱好"。
1.like+名词(代词)表示"喜欢某人或某物"。
【操练】Mary likes apples a lot. 玛丽非常喜欢苹果。
2.like doing (sth.) 表示"喜欢做某事"，它侧重于经常性地喜欢做某事。
【操练】She likes reading. 她喜欢阅读。
3.like to do (sth.) 表示"喜欢做(某事)"，它侧重于具体的、一次性的动作或行为，也表示偶然喜欢做某事。
【操练】I like playing football, but I like to play basketball today. 我喜欢踢足球，但今天我喜欢打篮球。
4. would like sth. / would like to do sth.表示"想要某物"/"想要做某事"。would like短语相当于want，但它比want的语气更委婉。
【操练】I would like some cakes. 我想要些蛋糕。
I would like to have dumplings. 我想吃饺子。
5.would like sb. to do sth.表示"想要某人做某事"。
【操练】I'd like you to go shopping with me.我想要你和我一起去购物。
【相关链接】表示喜欢的程度。如"很(非常)喜欢"，可在句式后加上a lot, a little或very much等。表示"不喜欢(做某事)……"，可用"don't / doesn't like (doing/ to do sth.)"，有时我们可在其后加上at all来表示不喜欢的程度。
【文档2】like作介词，意为"跟……一样;像……"。
1.like后接名词、代词作宾语。
【操练】Don't throw it like this. 不要像这样扔。
2.like分别与be和look构成be like，look like短语意为"看来像……一样"。
【操练】She is like her mother. 她长得像她的母亲。

be是一个多功能动词，在初级英语里可见四种用法：
功能一，系动词be
be为连系动词，中心词义是"是"，句型为"主+系+表"结构。be的形式常用am, is, are(现在式);was, were(过去式);will/can/may/must be(助动词/情态动词+原形);have/has/had been(助动词+过去分词)等。如：
To help animals is helping people.(一般现在时)
The twins were very busy yesterday.(一般过去时)
It will be sunny tomorrow.(一般将来时)
She has been ill for over a week.(现在完成时)
功能二，助动词be
助动词be，无词义，辅助主要动词一起在句中作谓语动词。用法如下：
1. be+doing：构成进行时态，有现在和过去两种进行时态。如：
The girls is reading and copying the new words now.
Young Tom was always asking questions and trying out new ideas.
2. be+done：构成被动语态(主语是动作的承受者，done必须是及物动词)。如：
Tea is grown in my hometown.(一般现在时的被动语态)
This building was built three years ago.(一般过去时的被动语态)
Our classroom has been cleaned and tidied already.(现在完成时的被动语态)
How could this kind of cakes be made in your home?(含情态动词的被动语态)
That is a day never to be forgotten.(动词不定式的被动语态)
3. be+going to do，表示"打算或将要做某事"，be有现在和过去两种形式。如：
We are going to plant trees in the park.
I didn't know if she was going to come here.
4. be+to do，表示"按计划安排将要做某事"。如：
The new shop is not to be opened till next Monday.
One night an angel came to Mary and told her that she was to have this special boy.
功能三，there be
there be句式为：there be+主语部分+状语部分，表示"某处存在某物"，be常用现在时，过去时和将来时等。如：
Oh, cool! And there are many things to see. There is even a deer park in Sanya.
There are about 80 pyramids in Egypt.
Will there be a football match in your school next week?
功能四，实义be
可以将be视为实义动词，因为它具有实际的词义，如"成为;做;发生;举行;逗留;到达"等。如：
His daughter wants to be a doctor for animals in her twenties.
Kate's birthday party will be at half past six this evening.
Jim has been in China for more than two years, but he has not yet been to Yichang.

1. 到底何时使用did?
did和其它助动词一样，本身无意义，自己不能独立作谓语，只能和其它主要动词一起构成谓语，用于构成一般过去时的否定句和疑问句，当然也常常用于代替上文中的行为动词的过去式。如:
I didn't go to school last Sunday. 上周日我没上学。
Did you buy a new pen yesterday? 昨天你买了枝新钢笔吗?
2. did身后的动词到底用什么形式?
有的小朋友总不注意did身后的动词用什么形式，在否定句和疑问句中，
did身后的动词必须用原形。 "他昨天没有在家吃午饭。"
[误] He didn't had lunch at home yesterday.
[正] He didn't have lunch at home yesterday.
3. 我能用be动词代替吗?
不管怎么说，含有行为(实义)动词的一般过去时的肯定句变成否定句或疑问句时，不能用be动词，必须用到did!含be动词的句子构成否定句或疑问句都绝不会让
did露面! 例句：They went to the park last week. (改为否定句)
[误] They weren't go to the park last week.

[正] They didn't go to the park last week.

动词have,基本的涵义是“有”，强调“所属关系”，表示“拥有”。如：
I have a computer.我有一台电脑。
但有些同学一见到我就译成“有”，那你就大错而特错了，其实我的用法除意为“有”之外，还有不少其它涵义呢。请看：
1.作“买”讲。如：
I want to have a kilo of meat.我想买一公斤肉。
2.作“用;作用;借用”讲，如：
Excuse me, may I have your pen?打扰了，我可以用用你的钢笔吗?
3.我加上表示食品、饮料等名词，意为“吃;喝”=(eat，drink)。如：
I have /eat an egg for breakfast.我早餐吃一个鸡蛋。
4.在我后面加上表示某种活动的名词，意为“举行;进行”。如：
The students are having a class.学生们在上课。
5.我还可作“邀请;招待”讲。如：
Thank you for having me.感谢你们邀请我。
6.我善交朋友，还可与其它词构成一些常见的固定搭配。如：
have a rest休息一会儿，have a good time过得愉快，have a look,看一看，have a talk交谈, have a meeting开会等等。
*** 第三人称单数不是在词尾直接加s (haves )，而是has，have和has在否定句、疑问句中，要借助助动词do, does构成疑问句，借助don't, doesn't构成否定句。并把has还原成have。 如：　Lily has some red pencils.
(否定句)Lily doesn't have any red pencils.
(疑问句)Does Lily have any red pencils?
have的否定句、疑问句也可以不借助于助动词，而直接在have和has后
加not构成否定句或将have和has提到句首构成疑问句。不过这种变法
只有have和has作“有”讲时才能用，千万别变错呀!如：
1. I have an eraser.
(否定句)I haven't an eraser. (疑问句)Do you have an eraser?
2. We have lunch at school.
误：We have not lunch at school. 正：We don't have lunch at school.

动词do在句中的作用可以概述为四句十二字："做"实义，助动词，替前文，强语气。
作用一：实义do
do作实义动词时，有do, does, did, done, doing五种形式，还有及物、不及物之分。如：
1. vt. "做;研究;整理;完成"。如：
①The old man does an hour of sport every day.
②She did her homework at home last night.
③Mother was doing the cooking when I reached home.
④Have you done the exercises yet?
2. vi. "行动;工作;进展;足够"。如：
① Kate does very well in her Chinese.
② How do you do? ③ Well done! ④ That will do.
作用二：助动do
do作助动词时，只有do, does, did三种形式，无词义，限用于含行为动词的一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态的否定句和疑问句中。如：
①They don't have any tickets for tonight's concert.
②Kate stayed at home last night, didn't she?
③How many books does the library have?
④She doesn't do the washing in the evening.
作用三：替代do
为避免动词的重复，使语言简练，常以do, does, did替代前文所用的行为动词。如：
①Tom runs much faster than you do.
②-Lucy, can you get some more tea, please? -Sure. I'll do it right away.
②-Who broke the cup? 　-Mimi did.
③-I like bananas. -So does he.
作用四：语气do
为突出感情色彩，do常用于祈使句、强调句和倒装句中，以加强语气。如：
① Do be careful. ② Don't tell a lie.
③ He did come.
④ -You often go to the park. -So we do.